犬猫皮肤病细菌性病原分离鉴定及天然产物抑菌效果分析

【目的】 分离鉴定武汉市患皮肤病犬猫细菌性病原,并探索其对传统抗菌药物与天然活性产物藤黄酸(GA)和6-溴靛玉红-3’-肟(BIO)的敏感性。【方法】 对患皮肤病犬猫采样并分离病原,通过生长特性观察、革兰氏染色镜检、PCR等方法鉴定并利用SPF小鼠验证致病性;通过药敏纸片验证其对传统药物的耐药性,并测定天然产物对其最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)值。【结果】 分离得到2株金黄色葡萄球菌、3株伪中间型葡萄球菌、2株猫葡萄球菌、1株犬链球菌及1株奇异变形杆菌。SPF小鼠皮肤创伤感染验证分离菌株均有致病性。犬链球菌及奇异变形杆菌对各自受试药物均敏感;葡萄球菌对复方新诺明、青霉素、红霉素、四环素、左氧氟沙星、苯唑西林、庆大霉素、克林霉素及氯霉素存在不同程度耐药。天然活性产物GA和BIO对上述9株菌均具有良好抑菌效果,且除分离菌株F5外GA对分离菌株的MIC值均小于BIO。【结论】 本研究共分离得到5种、9株犬猫皮肤细菌。犬链球菌、奇异变形杆菌对传统抗菌药物均敏感,部分葡萄球菌存在耐药。GA和BIO对犬猫皮肤病原菌均有明显抑菌活性,显示其可作为防控犬猫细菌性皮肤病的候选药物。     

盐酸小檗碱与左氧氟沙星联合抑制MRSA及其机制研究

养殖场抗生素滥用造成多种耐药性细菌的产生,从奶肉类制品中分离出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的案例逐年增长,对养殖业食品安全造成巨大威胁。本研究筛选出与左氧氟沙星具有联合抑制MRSA效果的天然产物盐酸小檗碱（BBR）,探究BBR与其对MRSA的协同抑菌效果和联合抑菌机制。结果表明,BBR能有效抑制MRSA生长,提高MRSA对左氧氟沙星的敏感度,两者联用后,MRSA对左氧氟沙星的MIC降为之前的1/16。协同作用机制主要为上调ribA及下调mec A和msc L表达水平,破坏细胞壁、增加细胞膜的通透性,从而达到协同抑菌的目的。本研究有助于降低畜牧养殖中抗生素的使用,为提高肉奶类食品安全奠定基础。     

棉属野生棉与栽培棉种间杂交新种质创造研究

棉属(Gpssypium)野生资源具有的抗病、虫,抗旱及优质纤维等遗传特性,通过种间杂交可转育到栽培棉,以丰富和改善现有栽培棉品种的遗传特性或创造新的优异种质材料供育种利用。本文报道用23个棉属的野生种与4个栽培种的品种杂交,获得不同世代的47个组合杂种,并从一部分杂种后代培育出一批抗病、虫,抗旱和纤维高强优质等遗传特性的新种质。同时研究了有关种间杂交的不亲和性、杂种F_1的遗传性状以及细胞遗传学、胚胎学等问题。     

Widening the gene pool of cultivated lentils through introgression of alien chromatin from wild Lens subspecies

Wild Lens species/subspecies are a potential source for increasing genetic diversity in cultivated lentil. Four intraspecific crosses were attempted between cultivated and wild lentils. Viable hybrids were produced between L. culinaris ssp. culinaris × L. culinaris ssp. orientalis and L. culinaris ssp. culinaris × L. culinaris ssp. odomensis. Normal meiosis and pollen fertility were observed in the first set of crosses, whereas chromosomal abnormalities and reduced pollen fertility were observed in the second set of crosses. These crosses were also studied for some quantitative traits. The range, mean and coefficient of variation were calculated in parents, F₁, F₂ and BC₁ generations to determine the extent of variability generated in the cultivated lentil through introgression of genes from wild lentil. The cultivated lentil × L. culinaris ssp. orientalis crosses showed substantially higher variability for all the traits than crosses involving cultivated lentil ×L. culinaris ssp. odomensis. The results of the present study indicated that these wild subspecies can be exploited for breeding purposes and their variation can easily be utilized to widen the genetic base of the cultivated lentil.     

Factorial regression analysis of genotype by environment interaction in ryegrass populations, using both isozyme and climatic data as covariates

A sample of 58 natural ryegrass populations (Lolium perenne L.) from the French and Spanish oceanic coast was evaluated for three seasonal growth traits (i.e. spring, autumn and winter vigour traits) in 5 evaluation sites (three in France and two in Spain). This sample showed a high level of genotype (population) × environment (evaluation sites) interactions for the three agronomic traits. A factor regression analysis, using both isozyme frequencies of populations and climatic factors of evaluation sites as covariates, was carried out on a sub-sample of 30 populations in order to explain these interactions. This method succeeded in explaining most population × location interactions by the product of two covariates. For instance, for spring vigour trait, 72.8% of the interaction term could be explained by the use of two covariates: the PGI2-20 allelic frequency of populations and the minimum temperature of the coldest month of evaluation sites. This study shows the advantage of such a method for plant breeders who need to identify promising ryegrass populations for their breeding objectives. A number of genetic and evolutionary hypotheses are also discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of D-genome chromosomes on crossability of hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) with maize

With the aim of producing polyhaploids of hexaploid triticale, 20 genotypes from a CIMMYT breeding programme and eight D-genome chromosome substitution lines of ‘Rhino’ were crossed with maize. In crosses between 20 triticale genotypes and maize, 15 lines produced embryos. Frequencies of embryo formation ranged from 0.0 to 5.4%, with an average of 1.1%. From a total of 200 pollinated spikes, 62 plants were regenerated. Most regenerated plants were polyhaploids with 21 chromosomes, and few aneuhaploids with 22 chromosomes were found. In crosses of triticale substitution lines with maize, all the lines produced embryos, while ‘Rhino’ produced no embryos at all. Higher frequencies of embryo formation were obtained in substitution lines with chromosomes 2D and 4D. These results suggest that D-genome chromosomes in a triticale genetic background have the effect of increasing the frequency of polyhaploid production in triticale x maize crosses.     

Interspecific hybridization between Cicer arietinum and C. pinnatifidum

An interspecific hybrid between Cicer arietinum cv. GL 769 and a wild species C. pinnatifidum was obtained after emasculation, pollination and application of growth regulators. Ovules were cultured and embryos were later dissected to obtain hybrid plants. These plants were albinos and morphologically resembled C. pinnatifidum. Shrivelled seeds were also obtained in 2% of the crosses, which on germination gave rise to albino plants. These plants did not survive beyond 20 days. The hybrid nature of these plants was confirmed by esterase isozyme studies. Hybrid shoots obtained from germinating embryos were cultured on modified ML-6 medium with BAP 2 mg/1, IAA 0.5 mg/1, where they turned green after 3–4 weeks. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies on leaf sections from green hybrid shoots showed an improvement in the chloroplast structure, with better organized grana.     

Barriers to hybridization of Solanum bulbocastanum Dun. and S. Verrucosum Schlechtd. and structural hybridity in their F1 plants

Summary Results of reciprocal crosses between Solanum verrucosum (2n=2x=24) and S. bulbocastanum (2n=2x=24) are described in terms of pollen tube behaviour in styles, of berry and seed set, of fertility and of meiotic behaviour of the F₁ hybrids. Pollen tube growth of S. verrucosum is strongly inhibited in styles of S. bulbocastanum, whereas no inhibition is observed in the reciprocal cross. Therefore S. bulbocastanum x S. verrucosum fails to set berries or seeds, whereas the reciprocal cross produces both berries (54.4% berry set) and seeds (0.3 per berry). Only 14.6% of the seeds germinate. Both the diploid and corresponding tetraploid hybrid plants are vigorous, flower abundantly, have a rather regular meiosis (mainly rod bivalents), but show a high degree of cytoplasmic-genic male sterility. Crossability of the diploid hybrid plants is nil when used as pollen parents and near to zero when used as pistillate parents. The barriers to hybridization of the parent species (unilateral inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and structural differences of the parental chromosomes) are discussed and methods are suggested to overcome these barriers.     

Utilization of alien genes to enhance Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat – A review

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. Sources of resistance to FHB are limited in wheat. Search for novel sources of effective resistance to this disease has been an urgent need in wheat breeding. Fusarium head blight resistance has been identified in relatives of wheat. Alien chromatin carrying FHB resistance genes has been incorporated into wheat through chromosome addition, substitution, and translocation. Relatives of wheat demonstrate a great potential to enhance resistance of wheat to FHB.